Executive Summary The hepatopancreas is the metabolic center of shrimp, controlling digestion, nutrient absorption, energy storage, and detoxification. Poor hepatopancreas health in shrimp reduces the

Key Insights Intensive RAS aquaculture systems create continuous digestive challenges caused by high stocking density, intensive feeding, and environmental fluctuations. Maintaining digestive stability in RAS

Key Insights Biofloc aquaculture systems rely on microbial nutrient recycling instead of traditional water exchange, creating a unique nutritional environment. Intensive biofloc shrimp farming requires

Key Insights Nutrient leaching in aquaculture feed reduces the digestible protein, energy, and functional compounds available when fish or shrimp consume the pellet. Lost nutrients

Key Insights Water-quality stress reduces feed efficiency even when feed formulation and feeding rate remain unchanged. Ammonia accumulation, low dissolved oxygen, temperature shifts, and salinity

Key Insights Alternative protein diets in aquaculture change protein-release speed, enzyme demand, and nutrient retention—not only feed cost. When alternative proteins exceed digestive tolerance, undigested

Key Insights Vibrio naturally exists in most shrimp farming environments, but disease outbreaks are primarily driven by the shrimp’s ability to tolerate biological stress rather

Key Insights Vibrio pressure in shrimp farming systems disrupts gut integrity, immune balance, and feeding behavior, directly affecting production stability. Yeast culture does not function

Key Insights Similar nutrition programs do not always generate identical results because every farm operates under different production conditions and biological challenges. Factors such as